代词 1.代词是代替名词的字。 2.代词包括人称代词,所有代词,复合人称代词,不定代词,指示代词,疑问代词,关系代词和复合关系代词。 人称代词 1.人称代词是有人称区别的代词。 2.人称代词包括第一人称I,my,me,we,our,us;第二人称:you,your;第三人称he,his,him,she,her,it,its,they,their,them。 3.人称代词有数的区别,如:I是单数,we是复数。 4.人称代词有性的区别,如:he是阳性,she是阴性。 5.人称代词有格的区别,如:I是主格,me是宾格,my是所有格。 所有代词 1.所有代词代替人称代词的所有格(所有形容词)和它所修饰的名词,如:mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs。 2.所有代词后不可接名词,无论代替单数或复数名词,都用相同形态。【参见所有形容词】 You've got your trouble; I've got mine.(mine = my trouble) You've got your troubles; I've got mine.(mine = my troubles) 你有你的麻烦,我有我的麻烦。 Ours are as clever as Mr. Brown's and Mr. Green's students. 我们的(学生)和布朗先生及格林先生的学生一样聪明。 Ours is a large country with a long history. 我们的国家是一个具有悠久历史的大国。 复合人称代词 1.复合人称代词又称反身代词,由人称代词+self(单数),selves(复数)构成,表示自己;不定的复合人称代词是oneself。 2.复合人称代词的主格和宾格的形式是一致的。 中文:我自己做的。 (主格)I myself did it. (宾格)I did it by myself. 3.复合人称代词的所有格由人称代词的所有格+own构成;不定的复合人称代词的所有格是one's own。【参见人称代词】 I have a house of my own. 我有一所自己的房子。 复合人称代词用法 1.主语与宾语指同一人时,宾语必须用复合人称代词。 中文:他那天伤着他自己了。 (误)He hurt him the other day. (正)He hurt himself the other day. 2.用以加强主语,宾语或补语的语气。 I myself corrected the mistake. 我自己改正的错误。 I saw the president himself. 我看见总统本人了。 3.表示自己所有。 I don't even have my own car. 我甚至没有我自己的汽车。 4.惯用法,如:by oneself(独自),for oneself(为…自己)等。 You should do your homework by yourself. 你应该独立完成功课。 He built a house for himself. 他为他自己建了一所房子。 不定代词 1.不定代词是没有确定的指某人或某物的代词,常用的不定代词有some,any,one,ones,no one,none,each,both,all,either,neither,other,another,many,few,much,little,most等。 I took a big apple and he took a small one. 我拿了一个大苹果,他拿了一个小的。(one代替apple,但没有明确的指是那一个。) 2.不定形容词any,some,every与one,thing,body等词可以构成复合的不定代词,这些词的修饰语一般在后面。【参见不定形容词】 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事要告诉你。 指示代词 1.指示代词是指明一定的人或事物的代词,如:this,that,these,those,such等。 2.指示代词后不能加名词,如加名词,即为指示形容词。 This is your book. 这是你的书。 This book is yours. 这书是你的。 3.指示代词可用来代替前面的句子。【参见指示形容词】 Mike came late again. This made the teacher very angry. 麦克又迟到了,这使老师非常生气。(This用来代替Mike came late again。) 疑问代词 1.疑问代词是问何人,何物,何者的代词,如:who,whose,whom,which,what等。 2.疑问代词后不可加名词,如加名词,即为疑问形容词。【参见疑问形容词】 Whose is this pen? 这笔是谁的? Whose pen is this? 这是谁的钢笔? 关系代词 1.关系代词是兼有代词和连词作用的代词,如:who,whose,whom,which,that,what等,可构成定语从句。【参见定语从句,关系形容词】 He was the man who climbed the leaning tower of Pisa. 他是爬上比萨斜塔的那个人。 He was the man. 他是那个人。 He climbed the leaning tower of Pisa. 他爬上了比萨斜塔。 复合关系代词 1.复合关系代词是由关系代词+ever构成的,是不论的意思,如:whoever(不论谁),whichever(不论那一个),whomever(不论谁,宾格),whatever(不论什么)等。 2.复合关系代词可以由no matter+关系代词代替。【参见关系副词】 Whoever did this, he would be punished. No matter who did this, he would be punished. 不论是谁干的,他都将受到惩罚。 代词误用辨析 1.中文:伦敦的夏天比我家乡的夏天更热。 (误)London is much hotter in summer than my hometown. (正)It is much hotter in London in summer than in my hometown.(用it代表气候,天气等。) 2.中文:他的书跟我的很不一样。 (误)His book is quite different from me. (正)His book is quite different from mine.(mine = my book,应保持比较的双方性质的一致。) 3.中文:我有件重要的事告诉你。 (误)I have important something to tell you. (正)I have something important to tell you.(修饰something,nothing,anything等不定代词时,形容词应放在其后。) 4.中文:每个学生都应该做他自己的功课。 (误)Every student should do their own homework. (正)Every student should do his own homework.(every student是单数,其后的代词也用单数。) 5.中文:我喜欢收到别人的来信,但不愿意写信。 (误)I like to receive letters but do not like to write it. (正)I like to receive letters but do not like to write them.(代词的人称与数应与它代替的名词相同。) 6.中文:孩子们和他都还没有吃晚餐。 (误)Neither the children nor he has ever eaten their supper. (正)Neither the children nor he has ever eaten his supper.(neither...nor是对等相关连词,nor后面的主语决定后面的谓语动词及代词的形式。) 7.中文:布朗太太向她的朋友玛丽和我打招呼。 (误)Mrs. Brown said hello to her friends, Mary and I. (正)Mrs. Brown said hello to her friends, Mary and me.(Mary and me是宾语friends的同位语,因此用宾格形式。) 8.中文:我的两个姊姊都不在这。 (误)None of my two sisters is here. (正)Neither of my two sisters is here.(neither用于两者的否定;none用于三者以上的否定。) 9.中文:他认识我的两个姊姊。 (误)He knows my both sisters. (正)He knows both my sisters.(both用在the,his,my等修饰语之前。) 10.中文:这本书的价格是多少? (误)How much is the price of the book? (正)What is the price of the book?(对价格提问用what,没有price一词时用how much。) 11.中文:我有一本新字典还有几本旧的。 (误)I have a new dictionary and several old one. (正)I have a new dictionary and several old ones.(代替前面提到过的可数名词,复数要用ones。) 12.中文:安迪,保罗和我共唱一首歌。 (误)I, Andy and Paul sang a song together. (正)Andy, Paul and I sang a song together.(有多个主语或宾语时,I或me在最后。) 13.中文:他们很了解我们中国人。 (误)They know our Chinese well. (正)They know us Chinese well.(Chinese为宾语us的同位语。) 14.中文:说好英语不容易。 (误)That is not easy to speak good English. (正)It is not easy to speak good English.(it当形式主语,代替不定式。)
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