建议一:表达多样 (Variety)
所谓“表达多样”,指的是在一个句子或一个段落中,如有多处要表达同一个意思,我们就可以通过换词语、换句型或两者结合的方法来做到表达多样化。下面分别举例说明这三种方法。
方法1:换词语
《华尔街日报》( The Wall Street Journal) 2012 年
三个“涨价”,raise prices用它三回?且慢!“排比” 虽然好,但让读者怀疑你“词汇贫乏”就麻烦大了。多样化表达走起!
例:Coffee companies, cafes, and corner delis often raise prices; they rarely cut them. Earlier this year, Starbucks increased the prices of many drinks by around 1% in much of the Northeast and Sunbelt (特指美国南部和西南部地区). J.M. Smucker Co., which sells packaged Dunkin' Donuts and Folgers coffee had hiked them by 23% in 2011.
方法2:换句型
多样化表达不只体现在词汇的变化上,换个句型结构,句子也会闪亮。以表达“在旧金山的唐人街,人们在过节的时候通常吃米饭和雪豆;新墨西哥州人国庆节会吃辣椒;夏威夷人过节的时候要吃顿大餐”为例。这个例子好,各种“吃”!该如何表达?我们很容易想到eat和have,如果能想到take、wallow,估计着实不易!其实,此处我们可以换个句型试试。
例:In the Chinatown section of San Francisco, rice and snow peas are a part of many holiday meals. In New Mexico, one might encounter chili peppers on the Fourth of July. In Hawaii, one popular way to celebrate a holiday is with a feast.
方法3:换词语与换句型相结合
如果词语与句型的变化搭配使用,英语句子将会焕发瑰丽的色彩。例如,颜色经常被用来描述人的情绪或状态,猜一猜“红”“粉”“蓝”“绿”分别代表什么?稍作思考,就能得出这个句子:“Red means angry; pink means healthy; blue means sad; green means jealous.”虽然说这个句子表意清晰,但means重复的次数过多,显得单调。如果我们think twice,可将其美化,得出下面这个例句。
例:“Red with rage” describes anger; “in the pink” means to be in good health; “feeling blue” is a sad way to feel; “Green with envy” indicates a jealous attitude.
建议二:强化语气(Emphasis)
当我们坦陈观点、表达反对、强烈建议或直抒不快时,我们可以采取加强语气的方法来美化表达。下面介绍三个加强语气的方法。
方法1:借力表达
所谓借力表达是指通过借助副词、短语、助词等来加强句子的语气,使得句子表达更有力度。下面通过例句来具体体会。
例:Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
如果我们要用英语表达“秦始皇在中国历史上最具争议”,掌握了初级语法规则的人会不假思索地想到:“The First Emperor of Qin is the most controversial figure in Chinese history.”这个表达虽然准确,但还是建议大家think twice。《新概念英语》第三册第23课中有这样一句:“No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.”我们可以模仿这个句子来表达上面那句话。
例:No other figure in Chinese history receives more praise and abuse than the First Emperor of Qin. / No other figure in Chinese history is more controversial than the First Emperor of Qin.
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例:Scientists say malaria-carrying mosquitoes cannot travel far on their own. But the insects can, and do, catch rides in the belongings of people who travel.
方法2:采用倒装
具有否定意义的副词及短语放在句首时,句子一般采用倒装。请大家试着表达:“他们不仅勤奋,而且富有创造精神和发明精神。”我们可以表达为:“They are not only industrious but they are creative and inventive as well.”这里的“not only … but … as well”用得不错,但请think twice,这里还有进步的空间。我们可将其美化为:
例:Not only are they industrious, but they are creative and inventive as well.
方法3:使用双重否定句
双重否定句可以加强肯定的语气。比如,我们要表达:“当你初遇某人时,对他/她的外表做出反应是很正常的。”我们可以用肯定句:“When you first meet someone, it is usual to react to his or her appearance.”我们也可以用双重否定来加强语气。
例:When you first meet someone, it is not unusual to react to his or her appearance.
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